意大利語語法：將來時(shí)

Tomorrow you will prepare pasta puttanesca. Saturday you will buy that Italian leather jacket you've been thinking about. Next year you will learn the future tense. Che sarà, sarà—what will be, will be! The future tense in Italian expresses an action that will take place in the future. Although in English the future is expressed with the helping verb "will" or the phrase "to be going to," in Italian a verb ending marks it as being set in the future tense. For example:

Alla fine di settembre partiròper Roma. (At the end of September I will leave for Rome.)

First-Conjugation Verbs

The future tense (futuro semplice) of first-conjugation regular (-are) verbsis formed first by changing the infinitive ending -are into -er to obtain the root for the future tense. The following future endings are then added to the root: -ò, -ai, -à, -emo, -ete, -anno. (The following table includes a sample conjugation of the verb cantare.)

FUTURE TENSE CONJUGATION OF CANTARE

PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL

I (io) canterò (noi) canteremo

II tu canterai (voi) canterete

III (lui, lei, Lei) canterà (loro, Loro) canteranno

Second- and Third-Conjugation Verbs

The future tense of regular second- and third-conjugation (-ereand -ire) verbs is formed by simply dropping the final -e of the infinitive to obtain the stem and adding to the stem the following future endings: -ò, -ai, -à, -emo, -ete, -anno (the same endings, in fact, as those added to the first-conjugation group). For a sample conjugation, see the table below, which conjugates the verbs credere and partire.

FUTURE TENSE CONJUGATIONS OF CREDERE AND PARTIRE

PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL

I (io) crederò, partirò (noi) crederemo, partiremo

II (tu) crederai, partirai (voi) crederete, partirete

III (lui, lei, Lei) crederà, partirà (loro, Loro) crederanno, partiranno

Future Tense of Irregular Verbs

In the future tense, the verbs dare, stare, and fare simply drop the final -e of their infinitives and form the stems dar-, star- and far-, respectively; the stem of essereis sar-. These stems are then combined with the regular future-tense endings.

The verbs listed below also have an irregularly shortened stem in the future tense (usually, because the vowel a or e is dropped from the infinitive).

IRREGULAR FUTURE TENSE STEMS

INFINITIVE FUTURE STEM

andare andr-

avere avr-

cadere cadr-

dovere dovr-

potere potr-

sapere sapr-

vedere vedr-

vivere vivr-

Also be aware of the spelling of verbs with infinitives ending in -ciare and -giare. These verbs drop the i before adding the future endings to the root: tu comincerai, noi viaggeremo. Also, verbs with infinitives ending in -care and -gare add an h to the root for the future to preserve the hard sound of the c or g of the infinitive: io cercherò, loro pagheranno.